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IEC 62052-11, Electricity metering equipment (AC)- General requirements, tests and test conditions -Part 1l:Metering equipment IEC 62053 -21, Electricity metering equipment (AC) – Static meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2) IEC 62053 -23, Electricity metering equipment (AC)- Static meters for reactive energy(classes 2 and 3) IEC 62055-31., Electricity metering – Payment systems, particular requirements for static payment metersfor active energy, class l and 2 IEC 62055-52, Electricity metering – Payment systems-STS for two-way virhal token carrier for directlocal connection IEC 62056-1, Smart metering standardization framework IEC 62056-4, DLMS/COSEM transport layer for IP network IEC 62056-5.DLMS/COSEM application layer IEC 62058-11, Electricity metering equipment (AC)-Acceptance inspection- Part 11: General acceptanceinspection methods IEC 62058-21, Electricity metering equipment (AC)-Acceptance inspection – Part 21: Particularrequirements for electromechanical meters for active energy (classes 0.5, 1 and 2) IEC 62058-31,Electricity metering equipment (AC)-Acceptance Inspection-Part 3l Particularrequirements for static meters for active energy (classes 0.2 S, 0 5 S, 1 and 2) IEC 62059-31-1, Electricity metering equipment – Dependability- Accelerated Reliability -Elevatedtemperature and humidity IEC-60664-1，1Insulation coordination within low voltage system including clearances and creepagedistance for equipment IEC-60068-2-1,Environmental Testing-Part 2-1: Tests-Test A: Cold IEC-60068-2-2.Environmental Testing-Part 2-2: Tests-Test B: Dry heat IEC-60529,Degree of Protection IEC 61000, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part- 2-2, 4-2, Part-4-3, 4-4,4-5,4-6, 4-8. 4-11. 4-12 IEC-60664, Insulation coordination within low voltage system including clearance and creepage distancefor equipment.

An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric power. An example of a power system is the electrical grid that provides power to homes and industries within an extended area. The electrical grid can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the generating centers to the load centers, and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries. Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial buildings, and homes. A single line diagram helps to represent this whole system. The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world. Specialized power systems that do not always rely upon three-phase AC power are found in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners, submarines, and automobiles.

An electrical grid (or electricity network) is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids consist of power stations, electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power transmission to carry power over long distances, and finally electric power distribution to customers. In that last step, voltage is stepped down again to the required service voltage. Power stations are typically built close to energy sources and far from densely populated areas. Electrical grids vary in size and can cover whole countries or continents. From small to large there are microgrids, wide area synchronous grids, and super grids. The combined transmission and distribution network is part of electricity delivery, known as the power grid. Grids are nearly always synchronous, meaning all distribution areas operate with three phase alternating current (AC) frequencies synchronized (so that voltage swings occur at almost the same time). This allows transmission of AC power throughout the area, connecting the electricity generators with consumers. Grids can enable more efficient electricity markets. Although electrical grids are widespread, as of 2016, 1.4 billion people worldwide were not connected to an electricity grid. As electrification increases, the number of people with access to grid electricity is growing. About 840 million people (mostly in Africa), which is ca. 11% of the World’s population, had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010. Electrical grids can be prone to malicious intrusion or attack; thus, there is a need for electric grid security. Also as electric grids modernize and introduce computer technology, cyber threats start to become a security risk. Particular concerns relate to the more complex computer systems needed to manage grids.

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. They are a common component of the infrastructure. There are 55,000 substations in the United States.[2] Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid. Many power stations contain one or more generators, rotating machine that converts mechanical power into three-phase electric power. The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electric current. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity. Low-carbon power sources include nuclear power, and use of renewables such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric.

When reactive power devices, whether capacitive or inductive, are purposefully added to apower network in order to produce a specific outcome, this is referred to as compensation. it’sas simple as that. This could involve greater transmission capacity, enhanced stabilityperformance, and enhanced voltage profiles as well as improved power factor. The reactivedevices can be connected either in series or in parallel (shunt).

Before we get into the depth of describing the compensation applications and other details, let’sremind ourselves of the power flow basics.

As you can see from Figure 1, the flow of power in an electric circuit is ilustrated. The link hasan impedance of R+jX, and we assume that V,>V, and that V, leads V2. In most powernetworks, X>>R, and reactive power flows from A to B. The direction of reactive power flow canbe reversed by making V₂>V .

The magnitude of reactive power flow is determined by the voltage difference between point Aand B. When R is ignored, the reactive power flow, Q is given by the following formula:Q= V₂(V – Vz)/X

The ideal situation is when V,= V2, and reactive power flow is zero.

The maximum possible active power transfer Pmax is given by Pmax = V,V2 / X. lt is clearfrom the above formula that active power transfer capacity is improved if V, is increased